重庆市实施大气二氧化硫污染物排放标准影响研究

通过应用箱工模型，模拟研究了实施排放标准对大气环境质量的影响，分析讨论了实施２排放标准的技术经济可行性。得出如下结论：（１）重庆市实施大气二氧化硫污染物排放标准能基本满足在气环境质量减级标准的要求。（２）实施标准所需二氧化硫治理静态投资费用总额计２６．３６９亿元。（３）实施标准减少环境污染损失６．４４０亿元。     

前屯煤矿矿井水处理作饮用水的技术实践

本文根据前屯煤矿矿井水排放规律和原水水质特征，采用ＫＪＳ型一体化净水器，锰砂除铁滤器及消毒等处理工艺，处理后水质完全达到国家饮用水标准，工程投资和运行费用均较合理。     

人工湿地中磷的行为及其去除方法研究

人工湿地中磷是通过基质、微生物和植物的共同作用去除的，其中基质对磷的吸附和沉淀是人工湿地除磷的主要方面。构筑两个以碎石和细砂为填料的人工湿地模拟单元，一个种上芦苇，另一个不种任何植物，研究湿地对磷的处理效果。前期试验表明，种芦苇的湿地总磷去除率可以迭到92％，其中，总磷的67．35％在湿地上部就得以去除，有相当一部分磷是由湿地中植物、微生物和基质的协同作用加速去除的。最后对人工湿地除磷存在的主要问题及对策进行了探讨。     

The asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea: An indicator of trace metal pollution in the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq

The potential of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) as an indicator for trace metal pollution was investigated. Laboratory experiments show that Corbicula has the capability to accumulate and eliminate trace metals in relation to their concentrations in ambient water. However, an effect of individual size was observed. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in Corbicula, water and particulate matter from the upper section of the Shatt al-Arab River were studied. Sediment samples were also analysed. Metal concentrations were determined by means of flameless AAS. It was found that Corbicula is a suitable bio-indicator for monitoring of trace metal pollution. Metal concentrations in Corbicula tissues correlated better with their corresponding concentrations in particulate matter than with the dissolved form. Temporal variations in metal concentrations were attributed to several factors, including fluctuations in metal inputs, and in geochemical and hydrological characteristics of the water. The obtained levels of trace metals were comparable to those reported for control sites, with the exception of Cd, Cu and Zn whose concentrations were higher in both Corbicula and particulate matter.     

Biotreatment of H2S- and NH3-containing waste gases by co-immobilized cells biofilter

Gas mixture of H2S and NH3 in this study has been the focus in the research area concerning gases generated from the animal husbandry and the anaerobic wastewater lagoons used for their treatment. A specific microflora (mixture of Thiobacillus thioparus CH11 for H2S and Nitrosomonas europaea for NH3) was immobilized with Ca-alginate and packed inside a glass column to decompose H2S and NH3. The biofilter packed with co-immobilized cells was continuously supplied with H2S and NH3 gas mixtures of various ratios, and the removal efficiency, removal kinetics, and pressure drop in the biofilter was monitored. The results showed that the efficiency remained above 95% regardless of the ratios of H2S and NH3 used. The NH3 concentration has little effect on H2S removal efficiency, however, both high NH3 and H2S concentrations significantly suppress the NH3 removal. Through product analysis, we found that controlling the inlet ratio of the H2S/NH3 could prevent the biofilter from acidification, and, therefore, enhance the operational stability. Conclusions from bioaerosol analysis and pressure drop in the biofilter suggest that the immobilized cell technique creates less environmental impact and improves pure culture operational stability. The criteria for the biofilter operation to meet the current H2S and NH3 emission standards were also established. To reach Taiwan's current ambient air standards of H2S and NH3 (0.1 and 1 ppm, respectively), the maximum inlet concentrations should not exceed 58 ppm for H2S and 164 ppm for NH3, and the residence time be kept at 72 s.     

Decolorization and biodegradability of photocatalytic treated azo dyes and wool textile wastewater

The photodegradation and biodegradability have been investigated for four non-biodegradable commercial azo dyes, Reactive YellowKD-3G, Reactive Red 15, Reactive Red 24, Cationic Blue X-GRL, an indicator. Methyl Orange, and one industrial wool textile wastewater, using TiO2 suspensions irradiated with a medium pressure mercury lamp. The color removal of dyes solution and dyeing wastewater reached to above 90% within 20-30 min. of photocatalytic treatment. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was found to increase, while chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) decreased, so that the ratio of BOD5/COD of the wastewater increased from original zero up to 0.75. The result implies that photocatalytic oxidation enhanced the biodegradability of the dye-containing wastewater and therefore relationship between decolorization and biodegradability exists. When the color disappeared completely, the wastewater biodegraded normally and could be discharged for further treatment. The experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to combine photocatalysis with conventional biological treatment for the remedy of wastewater containing generally non-biodegradable azo dyes.     

Method development for determination of fluroxypyr in water

Improved methods for extraction and clean up of fluroxypyr residue in water have been established. Two methods of fluroxypyr extraction were used, namely, Direct Measurement of fluroxypyr and Concentration of fluroxypyr onto A Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Adsorbent, followed by elution with solvent before determination of fluroxypyr. The recovery for Direct Measurement of fluroxypyr in water containing 8-100 microg L(-1), ranged from 86 to 110% with relative standard deviation of 0.7 to 2.15%. For the second method, three types of SPE were used, viz. C18, C18 end-capped and polyvinyl dibenzene (ISOLUTE ENV+). The procedure involved concentrating the analyte from fluroxypyr-spiked water at pH 3, followed by elution of the analyte with 4 mL of acentonitrile. The recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked sample at 1 to 50 microg L(-1) after eluting through either C18 or C18 end-capped ranged from 40-64% (with relative standard deviation of 0.7 to 2.15) and 41-65% (with standard deviation of 1.52 to 11.9). The use of ISOLUTE ENV+, gave better results than the C18, C18 end-capped or the Direct Measurement Methods. The recovery and standard deviation of fluroxypyr from spiked water using ISOLUTE ENV+ ranged from 91-102% and 2.5 to 5.3, respectively.     

Use of spent mushroom compost to bioremediate PAH-contaminated samples

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a bulky waste byproduct of mushroom industry and produced abundantly. The SMC of Pleurotus pulmonarius immobilized laccase (0.88 mmoles min(-1) g(-1)) and manganese peroxidase (0.58 mmoles min(-1) g(-1)) of which the optimal temperatures were 45 and 75 degrees C, respectively. In laboratory test, complete degradative removal of individual naphthalene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (200 mg PAH kg(-1) sandy-loam soil) by 5% SMC was obtained in two days under continuous shaking at 80 degrees C. The SMC-treated PAH samples had significantly reduced or removed their toxicities as revealed by the Microtox bioassay. These results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on the breakdown products. A phthalic derivative which is reported as a degradative product of PAHs by ozonation or ligninolysis was also detected in the SMC-treated samples. The results demonstrate the potential in employing SMC in ex situ bioremediation.